Jurisdictions
Europe
DE / eWpG (Electronic Securities Act)
DE·EWPG
Germany's eWpG gives electronic securities, including crypto-securities recorded on a DLT register, the same legal standing as paper certificates. Operating a crypto-securities register and providing crypto custody are…
EU Data Protection & PETs
EU·DATA-PROTECTION
GDPR (personal-data processing) and DORA (ICT resilience and incident reporting) apply to crypto entities alongside MiCA. The live tension for builders is personal data on immutable ledgers: erasure rights and the…
EU / EUDR (Deforestation Regulation)
EU·EUDR
The EUDR bars products linked to deforestation after 31 December 2020 from the EU market. It applies from 30 December 2026 to large and medium operators and to micro and small operators in the timber sector, with…
EU / MiCA
EU·MICA
The EU offers a single, passportable regime under MiCA: prescriptive but predictable. Stablecoins (asset-referenced and e-money tokens) came into scope mid-2024; CASP authorisation and conduct rules apply from end-2024…
Americas
APAC
China (CN)
CN·CRYPTO-BAN
China holds one of the world's strictest stances: cryptocurrency trading, mining, and payment services have been banned since 2021, and related business activity is treated as illegal. In parallel the state promotes…
Hong Kong SAR (HK)
HK·CRYPTO-LICENSING
Under "One Country, Two Systems," Hong Kong runs a separate, progressive regime, distinct from the mainland ban. Since 2023 it has offered a licensing path (the SFC's VASP regime) covering exchanges, custody, and…
Indonesia / OJK (Digital Financial Assets)
ID·OJK
Regulatory authority over crypto assets moved from the commodity futures regulator, Bappebti, to the financial services authority, OJK, with effect from 10 January 2025 under Government Regulation 49/2024. The…
Singapore / MAS
SG·MAS
Singapore is permissive toward digital asset activity and heavily licensed in how it permits it. Digital payment token services fall under the Payment Services Act 2019, and since 30 June 2025 a separate Digital Token…